2025 100% FREE CWAP-404–100% FREE LATEST TORRENT | CWAP-404 LATEST EXAMPREP

2025 100% Free CWAP-404–100% Free Latest Torrent | CWAP-404 Latest Examprep

2025 100% Free CWAP-404–100% Free Latest Torrent | CWAP-404 Latest Examprep

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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

SectionObjectives

Protocol Analysis - 15%

Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods- Select capture devices
  • Laptop protocol analyzers
  • APs, controllers, and other management solutions
  • Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)

- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events

Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution

Spectrum Analysis - 10%

Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views
  • Real-time FFT
  • Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
  • Utilization and duty cycle
  • Detected devices
  • WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures- Identify various 802.11 PHYs
  • DSSS
  • OFDM
  • OFDMA
  • Channel widths
  • Primary channel

- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures

  • Frequency hopping devices
  • IoT devices
  • Microwave ovens
  • Video devices
  • RF Jammers
  • Cordless phones
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis

PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%

Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)
  • HE SU PPDU
  • HE MU PPDU
  • HE ER SU PPDU
  • HE TB PPDU
  • HE NULL data packets
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers- Pseudo-Header formats
  • Radiotap
  • Per Packet Information (PPI)

- Key pseudo-header content

  • Guard intervals
  • Resource units allocation
  • PPDU formats
  • Signal strength
  • Noise
  • Data rate and MCS index
  • Length information
  • Channel center frequency or received channel
  • Channel properties
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams

MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%

Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)
Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis- Management, Control, and Data frames
- MAC frame formats and contents
  • Frame Control field
  • To DS and From DS fields
  • Address fields
  • Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field

- 802.11 Management frame formats

  • Information Elements
  • Authentication
  • Association and Reassociation
  • Beacon
  • Prove Request and Probe Response

- Data and QoS Data frame formats
- 802.11 Control frame formats

  • Acknowledgement (ACK)
  • Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
  • Block Acknowledgement and related frames
  • Trigger frames
  • VHT/HE NDP announcements
  • Multiuser RTS
Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis- Country code
- Minimum basic rate
- Supported rates and coding schemes
- Beacon interval
- WMM settings
- RSN settings
- HT/VHT/HE operations
- Channel width
- Primary channel
- Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs
Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames

WLAN Medium Access - 10%

Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
  • copyright Sense (CS) and Energy Detect (ED)
  • Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
  • Contention Windows (CW) and random backoff
  • Interframe spacing

- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)

  • EDCA Function (EDCAF)
  • Access Categories and Queues
  • Arbitration Interframe Space Number (AIFSN)

- Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM)

  • WMM parameters
  • WMM-Power Save
  • WMM-Admission Control
Analyze QoS configuration and operations- Verify QoS parameters in capture files
- Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end

802.11 Frame Exchanges - 30%

Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges- BSS discovery
- 802.11 Authentication and Association
- 802.1X/EAP exchanges
- Pre-Shared Key authentication
- Four-way handshake
- Group key exchange
- Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE)
- Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE)
- WPA2 and WPA3
- Fast secure roaming mechanisms
  • Fast BSS Transition (FT) roaming exchanges
  • Pre-FT roaming exchanges

- Neighbor discovery (802.11k/v)
- Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from the client access perspective

  • ANQP
  • Initial access
Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming- Sticky clients
- Excessive roaming
- Channel aggregation for roaming analysis

CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q50-Q55):

NEW QUESTION # 50
In which element of a Beacon frame would you look to identity the current HT protection mode in which an AP is operating?

  • A. HT Protection Element
  • B. HT Operations Element
  • C. ERP Information Element
  • D. HT Capabilities Element

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
The HT protection mode in which an AP is operating can be identified by looking at the HT Operations element in a Beacon frame. The HT Operations element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains information about the High Throughput (HT) capabilities and operation of an 802.11n BSS. The HT Operations element has a field called HT Protection, which indicates how the BSS protects its HT transmissions from interference or collisions with non-HT devices or BSSs. The HT Protection field can have four values: No Protection, Nonmember Protection, 20 MHz Protection, or Non-HT Mixed Mode. The other options are not correct, as they do not contain information about the HT protection mode. The HT Protection element does not exist, the ERP Information element is used for Extended Rate PHY (ERP) protection mode for 802.11g devices, and the HT Capabilities element is used for indicating the supported HT features of an individual device. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 125-126


NEW QUESTION # 51
Which one of the following is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based Spectrum Analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter?

  • A. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter
  • B. An 802.11 wireless adaptor
  • C. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs
  • D. A directional antenna

Answer: B

Explanation:
An 802.11 wireless adaptor is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based spectrum analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter. The spectrum analysis adapter is a hardware device that captures the RF signals in the wireless environment and sends them to the spectrum analyzer software for analysis and display. The 802.11 wireless adapter is a hardware device that connects the laptop to the wireless network and allows the spectrum analyzer software to correlate the RF data with the Wi-Fi data, such as SSID, channel, and BSSID. This enables the spectrum analyzer software to provide more context and insight into the spectrum activity and its impact on the Wi-Fi network. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter is not required for Wi-Fi integration, but it may be needed to fix bugs or add features to the device. A directional antenna is an antenna that focuses the RF energy in a specific direction and has a high gain and a narrow beamwidth. A directional antenna can be used with a spectrum analysis adapter to pinpoint the location or source of interference or noise in the wireless environment, but it is not required for Wi-Fi integration. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs are not required for Wi-Fi integration, but they may be useful for obtaining additional information about the wireless network configuration and performance from the network devices.


NEW QUESTION # 52
What is the function of the PHY layer?

  • A. Convert PPDUs to MSDUs for transmissions and MSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
  • B. Convert MSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to MSDUs for receptions
  • C. Convert PPDUs to PSDUs for transmissions and PSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
  • D. Convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
The function of the PHY layer is to convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions. A PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) is the data unit that is passed from the MAC layer to the PHY layer for transmission, or from the PHY layer to the MAC layer for reception. A PPDU (PHY Protocol Data Unit) is the data unit that is transmitted or received over the wireless medium by the PHY layer. A PPDU consists of a PSDU and a PHY header, which contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate.
The PHY layer adds or removes the PHY header to or from the PSDU during the conversion process. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98


NEW QUESTION # 53
What is the formula used to calculate the Duration field value in an RTS frame?

  • A. RTS Duration field = Data or management frame to be sent duration + CTS duration + one ACK duration + three SIFS
  • B. RTS Duration field = CTS duration
  • C. RTS Duration field = Data or management frame to be sent duration + CTS duration
  • D. RTS Duration field = Data or management to be sent frame duration

Answer: A


NEW QUESTION # 54
Which one of the statements regarding the Frame Control field in an 802.11 MAC header is true?

  • A. The Frame Control field is always set to 0
  • B. The Frame Control field is used to communicate the duration value
  • C. The Frame Control field contains three sub-fields and eight one-bit flags
  • D. Only Control frames have a Frame Control field

Answer: C

Explanation:
Explanation: The Frame Control field in the 802.11 MAC header contains several sub-fields that define control information about the frame, including the type of frame, whether the frame is fragmented, and other parameters. Specifically, the Frame Control field has two main parts:
The sub-fields include Protocol Version, Type, Subtype, etc.
It also contains eight one-bit flags such as To DS, From DS, More Fragments, Retry, Power Management, etc.


NEW QUESTION # 55
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